Good Marriage Essay

Jim went down to the kitchen where the smell of good food beckons him. He smiled to himself, pleased to note that his wife is cooking his favorite food. They’ve been together for twenty-five years, their kids are all grown up. Yet Ana hasn’t forgotten that he likes Thai cooking, slightly spicy and rich with seasoning. He saw his wife adding cut green pepper on the diced meat that is frying on the stove. Ana turned around and saw him standing in the doorway. She bade him sit down while she finishes her cooking. Instead of sitting down, Jim went to the cupboard to get plates and utensils for their meal. The couple has always find ways to please and help each other, a practice they have kept over the years. 2. A good marriage is characterized by husband and wife’s delight in a give and take relationship. There is mutual respect for each other. Husband and wife helps each other in decision-makings, the raising of children, and doing tasks. They both take care of each other and notes what are the likes and dislikes of each party. In a good marriage, the man and wife are both happy in their decision to be with each other for the rest of their lives. That commitment is reaffirmed time and again despite difficulties and trials. In a good marriage, there is laughter and conversation. Both husband and wife will always find things to talk about, and have the time to listen to each other. 3. Looking at Jim and Ana’s lives, their twenty-five years of marriage has not always been a bed of roses. Ana is scrupulously neat, while Jim is a little scatter-brained. Ana keeps a list of things that needs to be done and does them in an organized and timely manner. She likes getting an early start, eating breakfast and finishing work ahead of time. Jim has a tendency to oversleep in the morning, getting up really late on weekends, and spending half of the day sleeping during 2 vacations. He hates putting anything on his stomach before eleven in the morning and likes to work late at night. Ana would sometimes find Jim deeply asleep after she had her bath and breakfast on a day when they’re supposed to go to the dentist. At a time when Ana likes to get an early start, while Jim wasn’t complying, she’d often get bad-tempered and a little quarrel would ensue. These little quarrels didn’t get out of hand because both of them are capable of stepping back and releasing anger. More importantly, Jim and Ana avoid bringing up past issues during arguments. They stick to what’s at hand and settle them without resorting to foul language and by properly expressing their sentiments and criticisms in a constructive manner. 4. A good marriage is not just about seeing the good side of a person. It’s about knowing his or her little habits that may or may not turn out to be annoying. Each party has to accept the totality of the other person and learn to adjust and adapt. In a good marriage, the couple must not try to change each other. Instead, they must try to meet in the middle and compromise. In a good marriage, the couple don’t start running away when things become a little complicated and difficult. 5. A good marriage, simply defined, is comprised of the good and bad things. There are times to laugh, to talk, to argue, and to make up. It is characterized by a lasting friendship where trust and responsibility go hand and hand. Meeting halfway and speaking up are necessary elements to make the relationship endure. Both parties must work hard and stick it out with one another through thick and thin. Husband and wife must selflessly think of each other’s welfare particularly when there are major issues to face and settle. It’s very important to do things together and to go away on vacations to recapture the moments when you both fall in love with each other.

EU-Belarus Relations

This paper will utilize 5 articles from around the world on the question of the relations between Belarus and the European Union. The purpose here is to unmask the propaganda, the unsubstantiated rumors and western-sponsored attacks on Belarus and specifically, its president, Alexander Lukashenko, wildly popular in Belarus itself. The Moscow Times (May 4, 2009), speaks of the possibility of Lukashenko boycotting the EU’s summit in Prague that same week. There are two reasons given for this.First, that the visit might â€Å"irritate† some EU members, and secondly, that part of the agenda of the meeting is to promote the â€Å"economic integration† of eastern Europe within a EU run framework. Both of these reasons are telling. First, the economic success of Belarus outside of the system financed by the International Monetary Fund has threatened the European Union and the United States. The endless accusations of vote rigging and oppression are belied by the fact th at Lukashenko is overseeing a huge expansion of the post-Soviet economy of Belarus, and that he holds to a solid popularity rating of 80%, this after over 10 years in office.The Los Angeles Times (September 25, 2005) has said: â€Å"even [Lukashenko’s] fiercest opponents don’t question the accuracy of independent polls that rate him the most popular politician in this country. † Yet, the major papers and agencies here do not make reference to it at all. From the Financial Times (May 2, 2009), the Belarussian foreign Minister, Sergei Martinov, fears that the Prague Summit would have turned into a competition for Belarussian support. In other words, that the EU was using this summit to lure Belarus away from Russia.Martinov said that â€Å"We are not going to make a choice between the EU and Russia. We are not going to develop relations with one at the expense of relations with the other. † It seems that the fears of Lukashenko and his government are justif ied here. The only rational reason why the EU, whose public contempt for Lukashenko is daily made clear, would want Belarus to attend the Prague summit is so that they can take Belarus away from the protection of Russia with the aim of altering her highly successful political system.What other government would tolerate this? It seems more that the EU seeks the cooperation of Belarus, at least partially because Russian oil pipelines and much refining capacity goes straight thought Belarussian territory. While the EU publically condemns Belarus for vague crimes, the Belarussian foreign trading regime has been heaving tilted towards the EU and away from a dependence on Russia. Belarus is skillfully playing both sides, making herself indispensable for both the Russian and the European sphere of influence.The fact is that, vague denunciations aside, Belarus still sports a large trade and budget surplus, high economic growth rates and an unemployment rate of around 1%. These numbers are d ifficult to argue with, and hence, the EU’s approach has now been directed more towards dialogue rather then confrontation. In April 29, 2009, the Euro-Business newspaper from Brussels came out with a scathing article attacking Belarus from a Polish point of view.It relates the president of the European parliament’s condemnation of Belarussian policies while speaking in Poland, and reminds readers that Lukashenko was under a EU imposed travel ban lifted only in October. But what are the facts here. Again, the president of the rather toothless EU parliament attacks Belarus for a lack of democracy. But Belarus has 14 independent and rather large political parties, some pro-Lukashenko, some opposed. Belarus has dozens of privately owned newspapers of diverse backgrounds, including the large anti-government Charter 97 news agency.Apparently, the issue is not over â€Å"democracy† but Belarus’ strong sense of national independence, including in terms of econom ic integration with the EU. Pro-Belarussian professor Matthew Johnson had this to say about the situation in Belarus: In Belarus, a country the size of Kansas, there are about 800 newspapers. Of this, about 600 are privately owned. There are about 450 magazines are various kinds. Of these, about 300 are owned by private investors or entrepreneurs. In television, there are 9 state owned stations, and about 40 stations owned by private investors (Johnson, 2006).On April 30, 2009, the Soros owned Radio Free Liberty newspaper wrote that â€Å"Czech President Vaclav Klaus has said he would neither shake Lukashenko's hand nor invite him to the Prague castle if he comes to the Czech capital. † No reasons for this immature overreaction are given. It does strongly suggest that the EU and the US are putting quite a bit of pressure on European leaders to freeze out the independent Lukashenko. His economic success and thriving democracy are a threat to the west where democracy is synonym ous for â€Å"integration with the west.† Lukashenko’s independent course and economic success far and above either Poland and Czech Republic in terms of incomes and unemployment (cf. World Bank Report, 2009). The Russian News and Information Agency wrote on February 18, 2009, that â€Å"The EU plans to include Belarus in its new program, Eastern Partnership, on the condition that Minsk complies with EU demands on the country's democratization. † In other words, Belarus can be a part of Europe so long as she ceases to be an independent country and permits Brussels to restructure her domestic policy.And would Great Britain like it if Belarus refused to ship any oil to Europe unless she pull out of Northern Ireland? This is about power, and the foreign policy independence of Belarus. Refusing to follow any western line, Belarus has strong economic and military ties with Iran, China and Vietnam, hence standing in the way of western foreign policy. This seems to hav e more to do with the EU’s contempt for Minsk than anything else. But often, the newspapers dealt with here refuse to deal with the major issues.First, none of the above papers ever dealt with the economic success of Belarus, even when such success is seconded by the World Bank statistics themselves. Second, they refuse to deal with Lukashenko’s popularity and, lastly, refuse to deal with the long history of the CIA in attempting to destabilize that country, hence prompting Lukashenko’s paranoia about foreign manipulation. Paul Labarique writes in the Non-Aligned Press Network: The Bush administration’s many attempts to overthrow Alexander Lukashenko and destabilize Belarus to bring it to the North Atlantic orbit (NATO) have failed.Not precisely because the extremely authoritarian president has had the support of Russia, but because it has relied on his voters. Appreciating the country’s good economic performance and the maintenance of their indepe ndence, the Belarusian distrusted an opposition too openly submitted to Washington’s interests (February 18, 2005) While this is a dated reference, it does show that many are suspicious about the so-called anti-Lukashenko opposition and the CIA’s long running interference in Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Georgian and Belarussian elections.But none of this is spoken of in the major media outlets in America or the EU. The more recent articles dealt with in this paper refuse to deal with any of the major issues involved with the west’s irrational attacks on Lukashenko. But what are the newspapers leaving out? Apparently they are under a great amount of stress to paint Lukashenko in the most dire colors possible. But this is a problem: if the major newspapers worldwide are refusing the report the truth, than what does this say?It says that, especially in more obscure parts of the world, CIA involvement can lead to distorted reporting for reasons of â€Å"national se curity. † Or it may be merely that the reporters involved do not want to be thrown out of the country club, or that, even more, the Radio Free Europe report is motivated by the fact that the Soros NGO’s were thrown out of Belarus some years ago as agents of the CIA. Either way, the fact remains that newspaper reporting is highly suspect, and yet, the issues here are tremendous: Russia is a nuclear armed country, and pushing Belarus too hard is, to some extent, pushing Russia.To re-create the Cold War is likely not the best idea in the world, and the fact that Belarus is reaching out to China and Venezuela suggests that an alternative trading and military bloc is being formed. The picture the newspapers paint of Lukashenko is an unrestrained tyrant. Yet that is not backed up by facts in any forum. Hence, in reading papers about the relations between Lukashenko and the EU, one must be wary of the bias of the authors. The issues that the authors are not bringing up either because they are too ignorant of the subtleties, or they are under pressure, are that first, Belarus is an economic and political success.Lukashenko enjoys wide popularity and has controlled the effects of both the breakup of the USSR and the current economic crisis. But Lukashenko’s policies have been driven by state independence and the desire for a multi-polar world. This has led to threats from the west that has led further to the realignment of Belarussian politics towards anti-western centers throughout the world, including the crucial area of nuclear power (Kommersant, 2006). The west’s policies in this respect have been failures.But it is also clear that the media is also a major power behind the attacks on Lukashenko, often without the facts and research necessary to make sense out of the complex political situation of small states in a hostile environment. Obviously the media is misreporting the situation in Belarus. It seems to this writer that the real reas on Belarus is a threat is that they are an economic successful nation outside of the integrative structures of the west and its banks.Luskahenko has refused to permit his country to come under the control of the west, and has pursued a strategy of international equality, seeing all states as equal and as contributing to global justice. As a result he is vilified in the press, as some of the newspaper reports mentioned here show. History is in the making indeed, and it is being made by a handful of reporters and journalists in elite newspapers. References: Barber, Tony. â€Å"Belarus Fears Battle for Regional Influence. † The Financial Times. May 2, 2009. Moscow Times. â€Å"Lukashenko Expected to Skip EU’s Prague Summit.May 4, 2009 EU Business. â€Å"European Parliament Chief Calls for Democracy in Belarus. April 29, 2009. Radio Free Liberty. â€Å"Belarussian President Will not Attend Prague Summit. † April 30, 2009. Labareque, Paul. â€Å"Belarussians Defen d their Interests. † Non Aligned Press Network. February, 15, 2005 Johnson, Matthew Raphael. Belarus: A New Look. The American Journal for Russian and Slavic Studies, 2006. Kommersant. â€Å"Lukashenko Speaks Chinese. † May 24, 2006 World Bank. Belarus. 2009. (Cf www. worldbank. org/by) for all the statistical information on the Belarussian economy.

Library vs. Internet Essay

Introduction Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French term â€Å"librairie† which means â€Å"a collection of books. † Reading materials in school are stored in libraries. Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers. Library systems, comparisons and contrasts. For the children of today, going to the library, searching through the card catalogue to look for books on topics they need to research on is quite archaic! However, many of us still remember how time consuming this was. The kids of today certainly have it easy. Imagine getting all the information you need with one-click of your mouse!?! An integrated library system (ILS), also known as a library management system (LMS), is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. An ILS usually comprises a relational database, software to interact with that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most ILSes separate software functions into discrete programs called modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Examples of modules might include:  § acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials)  § cataloging (classifying and indexing materials)  § circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back)  § serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings)  § the OPAC (public interface for users). Each patron and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the ILS to track its activity. Larger libraries use an ILS to order and acquire, receive and invoice, catalog, circulate, track and shelve materials. Smaller libraries, such as those in private homes or non-profit organizations (like churches or synagogues, for instance), often forgo the expense and maintenance required to run an ILS, and instead use a library computer system. (Wikipedia) Automation of the catalog saves the labor involved in re-sorting the card catalog, keeping it up-to-date with respect to the collection, etc. Other tasks which are now automated include checking-out and checking-in books, generating statistics and reports, acquisitions and subscriptions, indexing journal articles and linking to them, as well as tracking interlibrary loans. Since the late 1980s, windowing systems and multi-tasking have allowed the integration of business functions. Instead of having to open up separate applications, library staff could now use a single application with multiple functional modules. As the Internet grew, ILS vendors offered more functionality related to computer networks. As of 2009 major ILS systems offer web-based portals where library users can log in to view their account, renew their books, and authenticate themselves for access to online databases. (Wikipedia) In recent years some libraries have turned to major open source ILSs such as Koha and Evergreen. Common reasons noted were to avoid vendor lock in, avoid license fees, and participate in software development. Librarytechnology. org does an annual survey of over 1,500 libraries and noted in 2008 2%[3] of those surveyed used open source ILS, in 2009 the number increased to 8%[4] and in 2010(most recent year available) 12%[5] of the libraries polled had adopted open source ILSs. (Wikipedia) Read more: http://ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2011/06/local-studies-about-library-system-a-sample-thesis. html#ixzz2DsPW4UYZ http://ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2011/06/local-studies-about-library-system-a-sample-thesis. html Library: foreign literature. The network libraries now have autonomous library systems (TINLIB version 280 of IME) with reciprocal access to each others catalogs via the PHnet. Training on site and in UK has been provided by IME to the staff of the network. Staff expertise on the use of all the modules of TINLIB running on UNIX has been brought to a level where the staff can now confidently train others and maintain the system. Online support via the Internet is also provided by IME upon request. The choice of a common library system was decided by the technical committee of the network libraries to have a uniform platform, training programs, import profiles, etc. across the network and for ease in establishing a user group/systems administration group. TINLIB was chosen because it met the systems specifications prepared by the technical working group, and had favorable references from users. Additional features which gave it an edge over other systems is its utilization of hypertext techniques, client-server architecture, and ability to import and export data from any of the databases existing in the network libraries. The library directors and heads are under tremendous pressure to continue and expand the networked services. Four of the services which need to be implemented immediately are: 1) the creation of a union catalog for books, audio-visual, serials and Filipiniana articles and researches; 2) access to CD-ROM abstracts and indexes and full text journals and references from any site on the network, subject to copyright and licensing agreement with suppliers and publishers; 3) development of networking navigation tools and training programs; and 4) building of sufficient monetary resources and/or commitment of university officials to allocating sufficient funds for the maintenance of the network. 5) transforming the College of Science library into a National Science Library and Information Center to widen the scope of its services

See the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See the dis - Essay Example A sales plan will be prudent since it helps in organizing and thinking through ones’ sales strategy. Its writing should be in a way that makes sense to the marketer. It should include the sales goals, which should be specific and measurable. The goal bases on the nature of product and breaks it down into manageable parts. For example, sell 50 units to end-users in 30 days and sell 100 units to local independent retailers in six months. Through this, the management will be able to know the projection of profits they would be able to make at a certain time (Ellis, Fitchet, Higgins, Jack, Lim, Saren and Tadajewski 25-26). The company should ensure it has sales activities, which would help the management develop a plan that makes sales. The sales can be direct-to-consumer through a website or via craft shows. In addition, the sales may include activities like developing a sell sheet, to send to independent retail stores (McLeish 45). This will enable the company realize more sales with more strategic sale plans in place since the management will know what to undertake at different times of economic downturns. With the growth use of the social site in UAE, the marketers should consider marketing the product on the website. ... Inconveniences arise to its customers if the number of distribution channels is too few, while too many distribution channels may increase its operating cost. There should therefore be a retail store with easy access and more convenient to the consumer (Ulph 98). The company should seek to adopt e-commerce fully at the stage of webpage promotion of products and services. This increases the chances of online sales and marketing at large. Summit sportswear should also seek to franchise its distribution channels, not only to increase its incomes, but also to minimize its operating cost and unify its operation mode to enhance its brand identity. In coming up with the retail prices, the company should research its competitors' prices and manufacturer suggested prices to determine product pricing. Once the product has moved from the wholesale, the retailers should decide on what type of retail prices to set. They can determine price by using three pricing models: cost-based pricing, compet ition-based pricing or customer-based pricing. Cost-based pricing sets the retailer’s price based on product and operating costs. Competition-based pricing uses local competitors' prices to decide on retail charges. Customer-based pricing sets retail prices based on how much the products is in demand (Ellis, Fitchet, Higgins, Jack, Lim, Saren and Tadajewski 180). In determining retail prices and the willingness of the customers to buy, the managers should review the manufacturer suggested retail price as a starting point. This would give managers an idea of the value of the product from the manufacturer's perspective. The organization should set prices close to his competitors (Synder 98). Charging too much or too little

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device Essay

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in more detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’, her ignorant indifference to local convention leads her into some very risky behaviour. She certainly gains experience, though what she learns from it is questionable† (17).  This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in m ore detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’. In conclusion, Guo, in using â€Å"wrong English† throughout the novel is accomplishing the point she sets out: no matter how the language itself improves, acceptance as the individual speaking it has a much farther and more difficult way to go.

See the uploaded file Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See the uploaded file - Essay Example It is necessary to ask the person on his or her plans in the society once the prison life is over. Identifying the factors that led the offender to committing a crime is also required (Miller, 28). Before release, most offenders go through rehabilitation programs, which try to shape moral values in convicted people. Interviewing the rehabilitation officers is very important as they have very important information concerning the attitude of the offender. They recognize offenders who are remorseful about their criminal deed and also those who are ready to change. These people have a special manner in which they survey the offenders, and they can tell the individuals who have earned a chance to be released. It is also necessary to interview law enforcer who operates in the offender’s area of residence. These people have a good background concerning the behavior of the offender before he or she was imprisoned. They also provide important information about the factors contributing to criminal behavior in an offender. They give advice on how to eliminate the problem if it is possible. They also educate on how to deal with them in a situation where one has to live with the cause of the criminal activity. The offender’s previous employer will provide information relation to the person’s relationship with other people. His or her team building capacity can also be stated by the employer. This is if he or she holds such qualities. The employer can also tell how the offender interacts with other people and the help he or she is prepared to give the offender after his release. Close family members might also have important information concerning the offender. These are the people who have known the offender for the longest time and will provide meaningful information on the family background of the offender and his or her behavior when growing up. They also hold information concerning the environment in which the offender lived in before the prison life

Assignment4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment4 - Assignment Example It is simple for learners to get disappointed in a class of blended capability. Stronger students may feel kept down weaker people may feel compelled. The instructor may feel focused. The best answer for this is to have an open-class talk about the classroom circumstance - to guarantee the best for everybody it is better to recognize the circumstances and for everybody to concur how to manage it. It is most likely best to stage and structure the talk (Reyes, 2014). All classes are blended capacity to one degree or an alternate. Great cases, when you have close local level speakers with novices, could be extremely trying for the instructor. In these cases, it is vital to recall that all learners will get something out of the class, however not so much the same things, and not so much, what you expect to show them! For instance, the tenderfoots may start to get a grip of your classroom dialect whilst the stronger understudies may start to have the capacity to put another strained into utilization. A class of thirty students learning English in a mixed ability class can be very tedious and challenging for any teacher. In this class, there will be a percentage of students that will not be at the same pase as other students. Grade four English is one of the fundamental bases of English. One needs to pass this stage of English so that they can be conversant and fluent with English. A grade four English teaches the students how to read and write new vocabularies, presenting and language structure. These are very vital in learning how to speak and writing the English language. The formative differences that exists in any optional and/or upper auxiliary school requests that instructors can consider the circumstances and make a move, they should proficient to utilize techniques that make it feasible for all scholars to encounter accomplishment by means applying the perfect specified in the educational program under the heading (Solatorio, 2014). Multi-level

TESLA CASE STUDY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

TESLA CASE STUDY - Coursework Example Final suggestions have been determined that Tesla can consider attracting prospective customers and gaining a larger market share. Silberglitt, R. & Wong, A., 2009. The Global Technology Revolution China, In-Depth Analyses:Â  Emerging Technology Opportunities for the Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). Rand Corporation. 25 Tesla Motors is commonly known as Tesla, which is an automotive company based in California, United States. The company was founded in the year 2003 with the initiative taken by Elon Musk & JB Straubel Musk to provide high quality and comforted car services to the customers. Initially, the company faced a number of problems in terms of dwindling sales and lowered profits. However, the company recovered within time and developed a competitive position by being one of the finest car manufacturers in the US and on a global context (Feller & et. al., 2006). Tesla from its very inception is engaged with manufacturing premium-segment cars, which are associated with providing high level of style and comfort. Tesla has achieved this position owing to the deliverance of high level of customer satisfaction with an increase in the range of premium segment cars in its existing line (Feller & et. al., 2006). Hence, the report aims at focusing on Tesla with the aim of analyzing its internal as well as external environment apart from the strategic analysis of Tesla. The report would also illuminate upon the steps to be taken by Tesla in order to ensure that there exists continuous availability of customers and the company is able to survive and surpass the competition from other car manufacturers. PESTEL analysis is considered as one of the prominent tools, which allows a marketer to gain a comprehensive understanding of various factors such as political and

The philosophy of Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The philosophy of Leadership - Term Paper Example The scholars look for some extraordinary characteristics and traits essential for the making of leadership. Although the magnitude of these qualities may vary from person to person, as well as from one situation to the other, yet these are essential for turning the individuals the leader of their group, community, society or nation. These qualities include commitment to the mutual cause, loyalty and sincerity to the group, honesty, integrity, courage and benevolence. The scholars are of the opinion that it is essential for a successful leadership that it must be visionary, bold, resolute and determined, which could combat with opposition on the one hand, and can resist the challenges and problems the followers undergo on the other. Consequently, a leader is man of crisis that can successfully steer the ship of the community towards the safe harbors. Consequently, a true leader not only possesses the ability of foreseeing and predicting the situation, but also is in a position to solv e the same by dint of his courage, astuteness and prudence. One of the most imperative differences between leader and followers includes that a follower can display selfishness by placing his personal needs and requirements on priority, but the same could not be observed in the thinking and behavior of a true and dedicated leader, who always strive to take steps for the wellbeing of the entire community or organization. If a leader tries to keep his personal vested interests at priority and neglects the collective interest of his group, team or nation, the followers reject to remain under his command, and appear to be dedicated to replace him with some other person for the growth and development of the entire community. The same can be witnessed in the national and state elections, where the person displaying utmost sincerity and dedication to every stratum of society is elected by the people as president, member parliament or other administrative position. The philosophy of true le aderships takes the leader as person, who is free from ethnic, racial, religious, regional, gender and other prejudices. Hence, a dedicated leader is equally sympathetic, sacrificing and compassionate towards his followers without taking their appearance, color, complexion, gender, socioeconomic position, qualification and sexual orientation etc into account altogether. History and Holy Scriptures are replete with the noble ways adopted by the holy men, who suffered painful trials in order to convey and communicate the sacred message of God to the humanity at large. Actually their steadfastness, iron-will, firmness and care for all people make them as the mentors, preachers and spiritual leaders of their people. The holy prophets and saints loved and interacted with the downtrodden people of society, and never looked down upon the poor, needy, disabled and paupers even. Their

The Significance of World Religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 11

The Significance of World Religions - Essay Example Religion is one such issue that is much misunderstood and raises passions to unexpected limits. Given the two sides of a coin, religion can be used constructively for the betterment of society or to serve the vested interests of a few. It is intriguing that intolerance in the name of religion has grown in spite of increased literacy and education on the one hand, and a better standard of living on the other. The fanaticism of today has its parallels in man’s hoary past. It is this past that communities repeatedly invoke to settle scores with those with a different outlook. It is in this backdrop that religious leaders the world over are endeavoring to facilitate dialogue not only among religions but also among the adherents of various religions. One such leader is His Holiness The Dalai Lama of Tibet who is a vocal advocate of religious harmony besides being a role model for Buddhists everywhere. Fisher opines that there is an inexplicable reality experienced by all cultures. The material world fails to provide answers to all our questions. It is this void that religion tries to fill. The man has overcome nature and is in a commanding position vis a vis nature many a time. It is questions that defy logic or are beyond his comprehension for which he turns to religion (12-13). Fisher mentions a set of human needs that religion fulfills. One of these is the question of the afterlife. Rational thinking cannot explain the journey of the self after death. Similarly, the aspect of perfection beyond the five senses is alien to human experience. Man strives to find the answer to perfection beyond sensory perception (14-15). Likewise, religion can give the true reason behind personal problems and how man overcomes these when there is no hope left. Apart from the physical self, man can also discover his true self, the soul, which cannot be easily described in a material setting.

Different Reasons People Comunicate Essay Example for Free

Different Reasons People Comunicate Essay There are lots of reasons why people communicate at work. For example, to share ideas and thoughts, to express needs and feelings, to socialise, to gain and share information, to build relationship and to maintain relationship, to understand and to be understood and to receive instructions, to give encouragement and show others that we care. In order to work effectively with children and their families, it is important to have good relationship with a range of people. Those who have good communication skills are likely to have strong relationship with children, parents and other adults. Sometimes we need extra support and services to help people comunicate properly. Translation and interpreting services I know about few cases at school where teachers had to use translator services to facilitate written communication between parents whose English is an additional language. In addition, they may use interpreting services to facilitate spoken communication. Read more:  Identify five different reasons why people communicate  essay For sensitive matters should be used a professional interpreter as they have trained to translate the message but not misinterpret it. They have also been trained not to say their opinion or change the nature of what the other person is trying to say. Speech and language services – we may need to use these services to help us find ways of communicating with children and young people. They may provide suggestions and guidance as to how to use resources such as Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or training in visual systems such as Makaton. They showed up to be very efective with children with autism and down sindrome as many more. Advocacy services – a child or young person might be assigned an advocate whose task is to reflect their best interest. The use of advocates is needed for children or young people who are in local authority care or for children or young people with communication difficulties. Third sector organisations – for example, Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) – we may use these services if we have children in the setting who are hearing impairment. These services provide training courses and consultancy on deafness and disability. They also offer communication services including sigh language, interpreters and provide services for deaf and hard of hearing people with additional needs. We need to find ways of communicating with children and build relationship with them so they find it easier to settle into a new environment. When parents find that their children are happy with us they will trust us and have total confidence in us. Comunication is a key in my job role as a Nanny so I can fullfill needs of children and than pass all details to parents, so they ll know, their child is happy and safe. I use to do it thru comunication books or during the handower at the end of the day. To work effectively we will need to gain and share information. This might be from basic information about how a child is feeling, what they are interested in or it might be information about their long-term health and welfare. In nurseries and schools for teams to work well together, it is important that relationships within them are strong and professional. The quality of relationships with colleagues can be disturb or threatened by the way they tallk to each other, react to their suggestions and the tone of the voice that they use. When relationships break down in professional teams, children, young people and their families are likely to receive a less effective service as this would afect them all. Friendly comunication in work place helps building loyalty and trust, they are aware of the needs of the children and job is done properly.

Standard Chatered Bank (Scb) Essay Example for Free

Standard Chatered Bank (Scb) Essay Standard Chartered Bank is a British bank headquartered in London with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 73,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had little British influence. It aims to provide a safe regulatory bridge between these developing economies. It now focuses on consumer, corporate, and institutional banking, and on the provision of treasury services—areas in which the Group had particular strength and expertise. The new millennium had brought with it two of the largest acquisitions in the history of the bank with purchase of Grind lays Bank from the ANZ Group and the acquisition of the Chase Consumer Banking operations in Hong Kong in 2000. These acquisitions demonstrate Standard Chartered firm is committed to the emerging markets, where the Bank has a strong and established presence and where they see their future growth. Standard Chartered Bank Operation In Bangladesh Standard Chartered Bank started its business in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its first branch in the port city of Chittagong. The bank increasingly invested in people, technology and premises as its business grew in relation to the countrys thriving economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in Dhaka Chittagong and Sylhet, including the countrys only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar. Extensive knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial services underline our strength to build business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has enabled the bank of offer new services, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Adopting a pro-active approach, the bank is able to offer a flexible and comprehensive range of financial services in particular transactional banking products. The bank has also invested in its branches to ensure that their business is supported by high-tech operations using state-of-the-art technology. Dedicated customer services with solution-oriented cash specialists to provide customers with cost-effective solutions. Electronic delivery system has been put in place to give customers maximum control of their transactions. Standard Chartereds services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. Vision of Standard Chartered Bank: â€Å"Catalyst for change† Standard Chartered Bank has a key role to play in stimulating economic and social development through the services they provide and by being a force for good. The success of their business depends on this. Standard Chartered Bank has been committed to continually improving the quality and scope of the services they offer to clients. Mission of Standard Chartered Bank: The missions are: * To deliver excellent products and services in the emerging markets to Standard Chartereds clients. These products include trade finance services, cash management, foreign exchange and treasury products, commodity finance, and structured import and export finance services. * To be the trendsetter for innovative banking with excellence and perfection. * To be the best performing bank in the country and the region. * To exceed customer expectations through innovative financial products services and establish a strong presence to recognize shareholders expectations and  optimize their rewards through dedicated workforce. * Keeping ahead of other competitors in productivity and profitability. To attain budgetary targets fixed in each area of business Objective of Standard Chartered Bank: Standard Chartered Bank one of the world’s leading international banks and their goal is to lead the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They are dedicated to implementing the highest standards of corporate governance and gaining trust in each of the countries in which they conduct business. Like other business organization the core desire of Standard Chartered Bank is to maximize the profit through banking activities saving lending money to the life of the common people. The Objectives of the Standard Chartered Bank is given below: Broad Goal: As a commercial organization, Standard Chartered Bank implies that it stands for meeting the banking needs of the people of the society. Operating Goal: In compliance with the very nature of the organization, the objective in mind the bank aims at excelling quality and diversified services. To fulfill its mission Standard Chartered Bank has its main objectives as followings: * To provide banking services to people. * To earn profit. * Act as a media of exchange. * To contribute to gross domestic product (GDP). * Maintain a satisfactory deposit mix. * To help to grow entrepreneurship. * Increase loan portfolio diversification and geographical coverage. * To mitigate unemployment problem. * Provide finance specialized services to the export. * To help to boost economic development. Service Attitudes: * Standard Chartered Bank is a service organization. It lives and prospers on the quality of service it provides. So quality of service is maintained at all levels. * Banks image with people is identified on the quality and diversity of services that the people aspire to receive. * As a dynamic bank they always remain in search of new field of activity in line with people economic need. Suggestions by customers and other people are taken in to proper attention so as to help identify new activity or improve upon present activities. * The bank maintains healthy competition with other banks aiming at excelling services in meeting economic needs of the people. Organogram Organizational Structure: Organizing is the management function that involves the process of determining what task are to be done, who is to do them, how the task are to be grouped who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Organizing is the process of creating an organization’s structure. Organizational structure is the formal framework by which job task are divided, grouped and coordinated. Hierarchy of Standard Chartered Bank Administrations Loan Administration Department Loan Sanction Department Human Resource Department Operations Investment Treasury Internal Division Head Office Departmentalization Corporate Banking Department CEO Audit Inspection IT Finance Accounts Foreign Trade Administrations Finance IT Branch Departmentalization Corporate Banking Department Loan Sanction Department Foreign Trade Loan Administration Department Branch Manager Operations The policy direction and overall management of the Bank is vested upon the Board of Directors consisting of six members. The Chief Executive of the Bank is one of the members of the Board of Directors. Regional Manager and Divisional Head assist Chief Executive Officer. Head Office Divisions are headed by Departmental heads and controlled by designated General Managers. Branch Offices by Branch Managers, depending on size and importance of the Branch from the commercial point of view, Deputy General Managers or Assistant General Managers heads the Corporate Branches and AD Branches. The organizational structure is the way in which organizations activities  are divided, organized and co-organized. The design of the organizations structure can be traditional design like simple, functional and divisional or existing organizational designs like team-based, matrix etc. From the structure of the Standard Chartered Bank we see that it is mostly functional because some part are organized around the functions of operation, credit, international division, human resource etc. and these divisions are related with each other for conducting the activities. It can also be considered as partly regional because some management functions are divided on the basis of territory. Each regional circle conducts same activities generally that are decided but in some situation head of the regional office takes decisions. So we can perceive that it has traditional structural design. Moreover, it has clear chain of command where the level of authority goes from top to bottom and very much centralized. Performance Appraisal Of Standard Chartered Bank Since organization exist to achieve goals, the degree of success that individual employees have in reaching their individuals goals is important in determining organizational effectiveness. The assessment of how successful employees have been at meeting their individual goals, therefore, becomes a critical part of HRM. Here we provided how Standard Chartered appraised their employee’s performance. Why Standard Chartered evaluates the performance of its Employees? Standard Chartered Appraises the performances of its employees for three reasons they are: * First, it can be used promote their employees and to arrange for their various training programs if they require for enhancing their skills in their respective areas and in contribution enhancement. * Second, as a basis for reward allocations. Decisions to decide who gets  salary increases, and other rewards are determined by their performance evaluation. * Finally the performance appraisal can be used as a criterion against which selection devices and development programs are validated. It is one thing to say, for example, that their selection process is successful in differentiating satisfactory performers from unsatisfactory performers. Appraisal Method used by Standard Chartered Bank Employees are evaluated by how well they accomplish a specific set of objectives that have been determined to be critical in the successful completion of their job. This approach is frequently referred to as. Management by objectives. Management by objectives is a process that converts organization objectives into individual objectives. It can be thought of as consisting of four steps: goal setting, action planning, self- control, and periodic reviews. In goal setting, the organizations overall objectives are used as guidelines from which departmental and individual objectives are set. In action planning, the means are determined for achieving the ends established in goal setting. That is, realistic plans are developed to attain the objectives.

The Advent Of New Media Media Essay

The Advent Of New Media Media Essay Introduction The advent of new media has had a direct and irreversible impact on the foundations of journalism practice. They have brought about changes which caused reporters to renew their skills and change their long established working habits. With the constant evolution of new technological tools, along with web-based platforms and technologies, the various working definitions of what journalism was about in the past seem to have lost their coherence. Furthermore, the presence of new media and the importance of ICT in newsrooms remain undeniable. Leaving aside the definitions issue, it appears that new technologies have redefined the whole concept of what a modern reporter should be like, as well as the knowledge and characteristics he is expected to possess. Due to time and technologies, the skills todays journalists should hold have evolved, whilst those grasped by old school reporters aspire to be renewed. Despite the willingness of business organisations to turn to ICT, it appears that the labour force encounters difficulties to make the most out of it. Logically, the first plausible reason we are tempted to put forth is the lack of training or poor knowledge in ICT. However, there seem to be other unknown factors which hinder the optimum use of new media in newsrooms. To be able to identify the causal factors to the issues mentioned, a case study of a Mauritian media house will be carried out through a questionnaire survey and interviews. The latter will be done among press, radio and web reporters of Le Dà ©fi Media Group to better understand how, why and to which extent new media is utilized in newsrooms. This organisation has been chosen due the strategic position it occupies on the local market. In addition, the firm manages radio, press and web reporters, all under the same roof; which is not the case in other local media houses. The group also offers a variety of publications targeting several types of publicsHence, Le Dà ©fi Media Groups context . particular context diversity for disseminating news Due to the strategic position it occupies in the local media market, Le Dà ©fi Media Group has been chosen as the host firm for this study. Since its creation in 1996, the news group has been able to forge its own identity, and is highly regarded by Mauritian media consumers. This has been proved in a survey performed by Synthà ¨ses Mauritius. The report ranks the media house as the second most powerful news group following La Sentinelle Ltd. (Anon., 2013) As such, Le Dà ©fi Media Group has two newspapers ranked among the top five preferred weeklies, and its Le Dà ©fi Quotidien is the second most read daily in the country. Nervertheless, Synthà ¨ses Mauritius claims that Le Dà ©fi Media Groups website In bold, this research shall attempt to determine whether new media is used intelligently by reporters, to identify the causes behind which new media is not fully exploited during journalism practice, shall assess as to how reporters make use of the facilities provided by new media and whether they are making the most out of the technological infrastructures offered by the organisation itself. The Literature Review Defining Journalism For years now, dictionaries and encyclopaedias have been providing us with definitions, in relevance with the periods during which they were published. Though the older ones are believed to be outdated, the descriptive meanings printed at different periods in time might as well enable us to retrace the etymological meanings of words. As such, The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1963) qualifies the journalist as being one whose business is to edit or write for a public journal. A more recent definition from the dictionarys website states that he is the one who writes for newspapers or magazines or prepares news to be broadcast on radio or television. This definition does provide supplementary dimensions, yet excluding vital notions relating journalism to new media. (Oxford Dictionaries: The worlds most trusted dictionaries, 2013) According to Jo Bardoel and Mark Deuze (2001), such definitions are outdated. The authors highlight the need for broader ones, calling for more actualised and modern explanations. Furthermore, Picard (2000) tries to provide an up to date definition of journalism. More than just a product or service, he describes it as being a mental activity that provides added value to news, be it in terms of features, commentaries, photographs or entertainment. Although the authors definition evokes the presence of new media, his study lays emphasis more on quality in journalistic activity, without clearly defining the intrinsic link existing between the two. Linking Journalism to New Media With new media came a bunch of additional journalistic roles. Long ago reporters were only expected to attend events and press conferences to collect the information necessary for building up their articles. Pieces were handwritten first, and then handed over to typists who would put them in a proper format. Similarly, photographers, cameramen, and sound technicians were hired to assume their respective and assigned responsibilities. Journalism in the 21st century turned out to be quite the opposite. Mark Briggs (2007) claims that the characteristics of the modern reporter have evolved due to the advent of new technological tools. According to him, todays journalists should be polyvalent, and be able to manipulate any type of given media. They should be trained to click their own photographs, be ready to video and audio record, or have editing knowledge for instance. Hence, only those having multi-tasking capabilities will be coveted and rewarded. Due to the pace at which new media mutate, the reporter should have the ability to renew himself as frequently as required. Quick adaption and versatility come as vital traits which shall be decisive while differentiating between a competent reporter and a less efficient one. According to Briggs (2007), the old adages claiming that a reporter should be good anywhere does not have its rationale. Today, he is expected to be able to cope with the constant technological and situational changes. The author further argues that the advent of new media has led to a new form of journalistic model. As such, the contemporary reporter shall be a jack of all trades and master of none, a person who can write, shoot, edit, talk, and look good on camera with a competence that might not be great but good enough. (Briggs, 2007) Moreover, Bardoel and Deuze consider online journalism as being a fourth type of journalism, next to radio, television and printed reporting. They argue that the role of an online journalist is not limited to copying text onto websites, but that they also generate their own content, in the same way as would a mainstream reporter. For this reason, the researchers believe that journalism is believed to be very similar to any other kind of journalism. (Bardoel Deuze, 2001) In addition, they sustain that online reporting comprises of characteristics which are usually inexistent in mainstream media. Interactivity, customisation of content, hypertextuality and multimediality are said to be the characteristics which contribute to the singularity of this type of journalism. Hence, the fundamental processes namely production, content and distribution, which were carried out using several medium, can now be done through only one platform. (Bardoel Deuze, 2001) Interactivity is described by Brent Muirhead (2005) as being related to communication, participation and feedback. This feature is one of the major forces of online journalism. It allows room for audiences to react to items published on the web. Be it in the form of comments, ratings, votes, pools, likes or shares for instance, readers have become reactive. Supporting this view, Briggs indicates that readers are no more passive. Instead, they wish to create, share and comment, and expect to be able to do this on news websites as well. It might be advantageous for the reporter to promote interactivity. Firstly, enabling the comments options on new websites shall leave the door open for readers criticisms, which the journalist might take into account while writing his next piece. Moreover, readers often wish to contact reporters to share their appreciation, or to provide news as sources. In this case, placing email links next to news stories might be helpful. On the other hand, Briggs encourages journalists to be proactive. He states that it is necessary to seek feedback on stories, before being published. This can be done by posting a call to readers by sending emails to a list of potential respondents. In case general comments are required for a story, the author advices to send block emails to as many readers as possible to obtain exploitable responses. In his study, Briggs further highlights the use of new media as contemporary tools. He states the case of John Cook, a well-known business reporter for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. The latter claimed being an intensive user of RSS feeds, and used them to track and obtain information in a more timely manner. (Briggs, 2007) This in turn, allowed him to publish information online very quickly. Journalism quality and productivity New media has brought various professional fields, including journalism, to a brand new level. In the Mauritian context, through a survey, the National Computer Board (NCB) was able to generate a list of business sectors which recorded highest internet usage in the country. The latter demonstrates that the storage and communication sector features alongside those sectors which use the internet extensively, hence implying the direct involvement of the journalism sector. (ICT Usage Survey 2001: A survey on the ICT adoption of businesses in Mauritius, 2002) Depending on a media houses editorial policy, it might be willing to either lay emphasis on quality or quantity. By this statement, I do not mean to suggest that both of them cannot go about simultaneously, but that it is instead one of the most difficult and most challenging goal of an editor. Due to time constraints, short notice assignments and deadlines, reporters are often brought to choose between the two. For instance, in view of the approaching submission deadline, a journalist might build a news item which is less qualitative, be it in the way it is organised, or in the chosen wording. The urge to submit news, added to the pressurising attempts of the editor in chief to make things go quicker undeniably have their role to play. Nowadays, the challenges involved in journalism practice are greater. In the past, competition did not affect the whole processes implicated in newsmaking. In comparison, the journalism models adopted in newsrooms by the end of the twentieth century demonstrate quite the opposite. The major focus has experienced a shift from quality to productivity. This phenomenon can be explained as being the result of rising material and labour costs, and the inability of firms to recover those costs. In addition, the advent of new technologies has also contributed to balancing the costs. By using less reporters along with new technological tools, media houses managements were able to reduce man power, and make more efficient use of fewer journalists. (Picard, 1998) Social Networks as Journalistic Tools The use of social networking sites as research tools has its importance in journalism, be it for the professional or the citizen writer. I have personally come across professionals who share their articles from their online news site onto their Facebook pages, or others who try to get in touch with contact persons through social networks. In addition, blogging among professionals of high calibre has also become a trend: Rabin Bhujun, Gilbert Ahnee, or Raj Meetarban, own and regularly update theirs. Blogging journalism is free from editorial constraints, and professionals make use of it due to its flexibility. Nowadays, journalists report news in real-time through Twitter. The Guardian claims that as of December 2011, and following the guidance of the lord of chief justice, reporters could tweet the court proceedings without constraint. Tweeting is allowed to the public as well, but on the contrary, they will need to seek permission first. (DAVIES, C., 2011) Multimedia Journalism and Convergence According to authors, there are some terms which occupy a vital part in contemporary journalism. Convergence and multimedia newsrooms are some of them. It has been argued that those two terms are closely linked, and that they very often seem to work in together. (Deuze, 2004) As far as multimedia journalism is concerned, it is said to have two definitions. Author Mark Deuze (2004) provides two situational descriptions in his study. Firstly, it is defined as the layout of a news story on a website, which uses at least two types of media formats, like graphics, images, and music for instance. In the second place, the same definition applies but this time with different media such as website, email, radio, television, just to name a few. On the other hand, convergence poses itself as a collaborative participation between previously distinct newsrooms, or other parts of the contemporary media firm. It might be sharing news from other newsrooms, or collaborating on similar projects. (Deuze, 2004) Company Profile of Le Dà ©fi Media Group Having launched itself in the media industry through the weekly Le Dà ©fi Plus, the formerly small company turned into Le Dà ©fi Media Group. As of date, the group is one of the most powerful media houses in Mauritius. Through the years the group has tried to diversify its operations by creating more newspapers, and launching its radio station in 2002. More recently, acute interest has been paid to the various functions provided by the web. Following the opening of its interactive news website, the group aims at developing its own web television. This initiative is a truly innovative one in Mauritius, as it is the first formerly printed news media organisation to extend its field of activities till audiovisual webcasting. Furthermore, it appears that the model proposed by Deuze (2004) perfectly fits the actual status of the firm. As per the authors description, the media house fits the portrayal of a fully integrated media newsroom. The specificities of this type of newsroom is that news reporters from print, broadcast and online media work in hand to produce content, and prepare story packages which are to be disseminated across all media. (Deuze, 2004) Similarly, journalists from the group are sometimes asked to produce media content which is not in their area of predilection. Press reporters are frequently called to make on the spot radio interventions, or journalists doing a specific news beat might be asked to collaborate in producing content for other beats as well. Hence journalism itself is perceived as a product, not the printed or broadcast news (Picard, 1998). As such, it appears that this dose of flexibility, mixed with cross media ownership and convergence form part of the corporate culture of the media house. The groups news website is another interesting asset. Despite being one of the last local media companies to launch one, its popularity remains undeniable. Each day, a considerable amount of responses is recorded, be it in terms of ratings, comments, shares or views. In contradiction to other firms, ledefimedia.info is the only news website to accommodate all its media content on the same platform. The website not only regroups texts from written newspapers, but also proposes videos and transcriptions of audio reports broadcast on the radio. Research Methodology The Research Process The Research Methodology is a critical phase in a research. It provides an overview of the approach to be used, starting from theoretical groundwork to collection, analysis and data interpretation (Collins Hussey, 2003). No two research processes are exactly the same. Yet, they all follow a similar flow through the elementary procedures involved in academic investigations. As such a problem is to be defined, research objectives are to be set, research procedures designed, and data is to be assembled and analysed. (Burns Bush, 1998) Problem Definition The primary aim of this study is to analyse whether or not the use of new media is extensive in newsrooms. Despite the availability of necessary office tools and equipments, the basis of this research shall be to obtain answers as to why new media are not fully exploited by reporters working individually on news items. Moreover, the importance of social platforms as working tools shall be assessed. In addition, the research will stress on the media houses news website, by determining whether the news authors make optimum use of the interactive functions available online. Research Objectives Initial Research Objectives This list of objectives has been set prior to the documentation process and before writing the literature review. These preset objectives are employed as starting points for the research, leaving room for a more in depth study later on. The list is as follows: To assess how reporters use new media in their daily routine To determine the types of new media preferred by journalists To define the changes which new media have brought about To determine the implications of using new media To determine whether age is a deterrent for using new media To determine whether different types of reporters use new media differently To determine whether the use of different types of new media varies depending on news beat Refined Research Objectives Following the previous one, a new set of objectives has been built based on the findings of the exploratory research made throughout the literature review. The new objectives are as follows: To assess the extent to which new media is used by reporters To identify the different types of new media used, and identify the preferred ones To uncover the reasons pushing reporters to make use of new media To determine whether the organisational new media platforms at their avail are used fully To establish whether social platforms are helpful during the process of acquiring news To assess whether age influences the overall utilisation of new media To determine whether educational background impacts on the general use of new media Research Design A research design can be explanatory, exploratory or descriptive (Yin, 1994). In view of the aims and objectives set, and provided that this study aims at obtaining answers which might be applicable to other situations than the ones already dealt with in this study, it can be assumed that the explanatory case study shall be the most appropriate research design. Hypothesis Development Following the findings generated by the literature review, it can be deduced that (1) reporters seem to be unaware of the multiplicities of new media (2) the term new media is often confused with ICT or the internet (3) new media allow additional possibilities and functions which were not possible in the old school journalism days. Hypothesis 1 H0: New media are used extensively by reporters H1: New media are not used extensively by reporters Hypothesis 2 H0: Different types of new media are used by journalists H1: Different types of media are not used by journalists Hypothesis 3 H0: Reporters have a preference for a certain type of new media H1: Reporters do not have any preference for any type of media Hypothesis 4 H0: The organisational new media platforms are used fully H1: The organisational new media platforms are not used fully Hypothesis 5 H0: Social platforms are helpful during the process of acquiring news H1: Social platforms are not helpful in the process of acquiring news Hypothesis 6 H0: Age does influence the overall utilisation of new media H1: Age does not influence the overall utilisation of new media Hypothesis 7 H0: Educational background does impact on the general use of new media H1: Educational background does not impact on the general use of new media Data Collection Design Right from the beginning of the research, it has been decided that the method of data collection would be questionnaire dissemination. As such, they would prove to be helpful as they shall be less time consuming than classic face to face interviews. Moreover, the questionnaire dissemination shall be done by email, and as printed fill out forms. The use of both methods will allow more flexibility, for as reporters are constantly on the move, they might find it easier to fill in the forms online.

Goethes Faust - A Tragedy :: Faust Essays

Faust: A Tragedy    Webster's Dictionary says that a tragedy is a lamentable, dreadful, or fatal event or affair, or a disaster. This word and the story Faust, by Goethe, go together very well due to the amount of calamities within the tale. For this reason the subtitle "A Tragedy" is appropriate. It is befitting because of Faust's alliance with the Devil, his actions along with the Devil and the fate of two of the main characters at the end of the story. Faust: A Tragedy is very deserving of the subtitle "A Tragedy". It was definitely a tragedy that Faust allied himself with Mephisto. Whenever a person strays from the positive path of the Lord to the side of the Devil it is definitely something very negative. For ages people have been using the phrase, "he sold his soul to the Devil", with no positive connotation. Of course when this phrase was used it was just to say that that person was evil, not that they actually let Satan purchase their soul. That would be ridiculous, correct? Well that is exactly what happened in Faust's case. Due to his own flaw of not being satisfied with life itself, he strayed from the Lord and traded his soul for a higher form of entertainment. "Thinking's done with, for ever so long Learning and knowledge have sickened me....Bring on your miracles..." It is tragic when someone feels that they understand so much, or try to ignore so much to the point where they think that they should give their soul away with no fear of eternal damnation. Faust beli eves or tries to believe that there is no after life and that he can just trade away his life to the most evil being in existence with no repercussions. Falling from God and making the Devil his partner is something that deserves the title "a tragedy".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While working with the Devil Faust did a number of evil things, some being quite tragic. It was already bad enough that Faust decided to play games with Mephistopheles, but it was worse when he decided he wanted to draw someone else into his sick deal. Faust, being overwhelmed with lust, felt that he needed to seduce and corrupt a young girl. "Get me that, do you hear, you must!" This is even worse when you consider that it was inevitable that he would succeed with the aid of Satan.

Common Pagan Rituals And Beliefs Essay examples -- essays research pap

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paganism is an ancient type of religion which has quite an inauspicious reputation today. There are many types of paganism, most date back thousands of years, which include Wicca, Witchcraft, Paganism, and a few other lesser known and practiced variations. Yet all of these religions are similar and share common beliefs. Wicca is the most common of these, as it also demonstrates the shared belief of doing good that is common to most forms of paganism. Another common belief, is to gather in small groups, called covens, to practice pagan rites and ceremonies with others. There are many ancient beliefs, archaic rituals, and forgotten traditions that are practiced by pagans. Many of these are also the origins of widely practiced traditions in the Christian-dominated world of today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A defining characteristic of many pagan religions, especially Wicca, is the worship and closeness to nature. Pagans treat animals kindly and respect all things, living or nonliving, as though they were a person (Roy N. p.). They also share the worship of their nature gods, which increases their respect for all that is around them (Roy N. p.). Pagans are very sensitive people that also have a high regard for personal privacy (Roy N. p.). With this belief of privacy, many pagans have more time to keep in touch with their inner selves and with the nature around them. Wicca, a more popular pagan religion, focuses on the Earth and uses pure white magic to help others (Roy N. p.). In fact, the Wiccan creed is, â€Å"An it harm none, do as thou will,† which agrees with the â€Å"good† philosophy (Beliefs N. p.). Altogether, pagans have a great deal of emphasis on the life and beauty of the nature that thrives around them and are radically different than the mythical rumors of witches that have been given to them over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another defining characteristic of many pagans is the dedication to knowledge and self exploration (Roy N. p.). In fact it has been said that, â€Å"Witchcraft is the oldest, most irrepressible religion in the world because it stimulates the intellect, promotes a simple, practical way of life, and most importantly, is emotionally satisfying† (Art N. p.). There is a set of beliefs, called the Laws of Magic that help illustrate the beliefs supported by Wicca and other pagan religions. Many of these la... .... The Laws of Magic. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/magic.laws.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. General Beliefs. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/wicca.gen_beliefs.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Hicks, J. Brad. Ceremony of Initiation. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/initiation.ritual.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Hunter, Ryan. Handfasting Ceremony. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/handfasting1.ritual.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Roy, R. Thirteen Questions. Online. Necromnami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/13Questions.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. The Ancient Art. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/craft.intro.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. The Sabbats. Online, Teleplex Communications, Inc. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.teleplex.net/SCNPA/sabbat.html, 8 Dec. 1996.

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessors Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ... Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ...

Cell Phones & Classrooms Essay

Cell phones are a relatively recent invention, but they have greatly improved our way of life. School-age children are now starting to get their own phones at earlier times, and with them obtaining their phones, they start to carry their phones everywhere; so therefore, there is a risk of the children using their phones during school. Now, one would think that this is something that should be punished, but in reality, it opens many doors for education and educators. Cell Phones should be allowed in class because of how much of an effect they would have on students, teachers, and school systems. Computers are very costly, and with the introduction of cell phones in the classroom, schools would not have to pay money for new computers. Spotsylvania County Schools are in somewhat of an economic downturn, and if no computers were bought, and students were allowed to use cell phones, then the County’s technology expenses would decrease. Cell phones cost less than computers, and no keyboards or mice need to be bought, saving even more money. Students and parents would pay for their own phones, lifting the burden off of the schools. Money is hard for most people and schools to come by in this day and age, and letting the students have their cell phones in class would allow the school system to spend more money on and fund more useful things, such as teachers and sports teams. Phones are more reasonable to have than large, bulky desktop computers. Desktops are becoming outdated and unnecessary because of how many pieces are necessary to be brought for the whole computer. Phones are just one piece small and light, making them extremely portable, unlike the colossal computers that the schools have. As a cause of this, it would make it easier for students to take their work home and do research, just because of how conveyable and convenient the phones are. With the implementation of phones in the classroom, it would render the desktop useless, saving the schools a large amount of money. Many people think that schools should ban cell phones completely, but that is just not true. What the people don’t understand is that the students can and will use their phones for educational purposes. There are now apps, such as Dropbox, that allow students to sync folders containing documents on their computers to their phones, which is an ultimately successful way to use the phone. People who oppose this also think that the phones wouldn’t be cost effective. If one compares the average price for a computer, around or above $700, and the average price for a smart phone, around $200, they can see that it is actually much more cost effective. No peripherals for the phones need to be purchased either, unlike for the computers. Some people think that cell phones are a bad thing, but when one looks at the effects it has on things, such as saving money and useful resources. Cell phones, at this time, are a very controversial topic, whether being used while driving or in the classroom. Cell phones are much more cost effective than computers. Cell phones are also infinitely more portable than desktop computers. The ability of students being able to have phones would allow them to see new things that change the way they think about life. Cell phones should be allowed in the schools because of the ultimate positive effect that they would have on the educators, students, and the overall school system.

Payroll System of Manufacturing Company Essay

Payroll is the basic need for an employee but employees need more to satisfy them. For that reason employers have to take various kinds of remuneration techniques. Manufacturing companies are not beyond that. S. Nahar Garments, a sister concern of mohammadi Group, is one of them. Currently this group doing their business in garments sector only. They provide different types of incentives it their workers with wage. Incentives encourage employees to their duties and eliminate dissatisfaction. By incentives employees can be motivated and get the best output from them. It means producers can increase their production by giving remuneration to their employees. In this assignment we tried to find out about the wage-plan of this company. We have also come to know that Bangladesh Government has amended the labor law. So, every producer has followed that rules. Moreover we have some recommendation to improve incentives techniques for increase production and motivate workers. BRIEF HISTORY Readymade garments sector is one of the most potential sectors of Bangladesh. 75 percent of the export revenue is earned from the readymade garments sector. S. Nahar garments is one of the active company in the garments sector to contribute in the earnings of foreign exchange. The company is a sister concern of Mohammadi group. It is an ISO 9001:2002 certified organization. It was established in 1985. Mohammadi group is one of the renowned companies in Bangladesh. This group contributes a lot in the garments sector of Bangladesh. This group has several garments in different areas in Bangladesh. The head office of Mohammadi group is located at Motijheel in Dhaka. Its factories are scattered in different areas in Bangladesh. It has factory in Badda, Mirpur, Naraynganj, Savar, Kanchpur, Adamjee EPZ and other different areas. All readymade garments produced from these factories are exported to Europe and North American market. 60 percent of its products are exported to European market and rests of the 40 percent are exported to North American market. Business Tycoon Md. Habibur Rahman is the owner of this group. Couple of years ago this group has real estate business also. But now real estate business has been separated from this group. OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT Every study has an objective. Our study is not separate from that. The general objective of this report is to identify the wage plan of a manufacturing company. We make this report on S. Nahar Garments (a manufacturing company) for preparing the incentive wage plan. Also such report gives the opportunity to prepare a real business report that will help us to makes report in future for companies. SCOPES OF THE STUDY This study was an opportunity for us to know about the wage plan and incentives in manufacturing company. We also gather knowledge about labor demands, and how to satisfy them. This kind of information helps us to know what incentives would be effective. All this knowledge will be helpful in our future career, when we will be a production manager or entrepreneur in manufacturing company. As we study before which incentives eliminate dissatisfaction and motivate labors. So, labors become more effective, dutiful, and sincere in their work by incentives. LIMITATIONS We found that all manufacturing companies do not take same incentives plan. There are some limitations in S. NAHAR GARMENTS. These are as follows: ? There is no piece work plan facility. ?They does not have 100 percent bonus plan. ? There is no group bonus plan facility. They do not have allowance for launch We directly visit their industry and take incentives from companies Public & Administration Manager and Deputy Technical Manager. Bangladesh govt. amended the wage law few years ago. According to this law there is a minimum wage and every garments and factories must follow these rules. S. Nahar garments is not exceptional from that. It gives its workers wage by following the wage law. There are 7 different levels/grade of workers based on training and experience. Levels Basic wage House rent (30% of Basic) Medical allowance Total gross wage Grade-7 1125 337. 5 200 1662. 50 Grade-6 1270 381 200 1851 Grade-5 1420 426 200 2046 Grade-4 1577 473. 1 200 2250. 10 Grade-3 1730 519 200 2449 Grade-2 2800 840 200 3840 Grade-1 3800 1140 200 5140 Wage table: Fixed by The Govt. of Bangladesh The above table shows that, in Grade-7 the basic wage of a worker is 1125 taka. He or she will get 30 percent of basic as a house rent and 200 taka medical allowance which is fixed. So the total wage of a worker in grade-7 is 1662. 50 taka. And this is the minimum wage rate for every garments and factory. As same as the basic wage of a worker in Grade-6 is 1270 taka and total wage is 1851 taka. The basic wage of a worker in Grade-5 is 1420 taka and total wage is 2046 taka. In Grade-4 basic wage is 1577 taka and total wage is 2250. 10 taka. In Grade-3 basic wage is 1730 taka and total wage is 2449 taka. The basic wage for Grade-2 and 1 are 2800 taka and 3800 taka respectively and total wages are 3840 taka and 5140 taka respectively. So in every grade the worker will get a basic wage, plus he or she will get 30 percent house rent of basic and 200 taka fixed medical allowance. Bangladesh govt. follows the following rule to set up a worker’s total wage in every grade. Total Wage = Basic wage + (Basic wage ? .3) + 200 House rent Medical allowance S. Nahar Garments Company also gives some extra benefit to motivate its workers. It gives its workers 100 taka as attendance allowance. In this garments every worker has to work 6 days in a week and rest of the day is holiday for the worker. If any worker is present all the working days then he or she will be given 100 taka as attendance allowance. If he or she in 2 or less than 2 days then he or she will get 50 taka as attendance allowance. If any worker is absent in more than 2 working days then no attendance allowance is applicable. This allowance is on monthly basis. The company also provides bonus on the festive season. That means on Eid, Puja the worker gets 50 percent bonus on his gross wage. There are overtime facilities for the workers in this garment. Every worker has to work 8 hours in a day and 48 hours in a week. He or she is allowed to work up to 60 hours in a week. For the overtime hours he or she will get 2 times wage of basic. This company does not provide any production bonus. The garments company also provides some others facilities. It provides drugs for its sick workers. The female workers get 16 week leave as maternity benefit. There is also a daycare centre for those female workers who have children RECOMMENDATION From the survey in S. Nahar Garments, we learn that their incentives wage plan is not much encouraging. So we advise that, they should provide launch allowances and follow the piece work plan. By using this plan they can increase their production. It is using motivation of labors. Because piece work plan give value of the labors work, and increase their wage. This plan also increases production, which can generate company’s revenue. That means increase profits. So this plan will be effective and profitable for the company CONCLUSION At the end of the report it is quite evident that the wage plan of the S. Nahar Company is not very high. But, to increase this potential S. Nahar Garments must plan its way very carefully. We have formulated all the strategies needed to gain substantial wage plan. Now S. Nahar Company must follow all those strategies. Any lack of commitment in S. Nahar Garments part would result in a disaster. But after establishing themselves in organization they must not feel like winners. Making a greater wage for employees is not the end of the story — it won’t be living happily ever after. Because it is nothing about the fairy tales, rather the real world that is getting more and more dynamic and uncertain and where it is to believe that problems are there always but along with the solutions. It is just the initiative that should be taken at that moment to find the solution.

Qualitative Analysis of Anions Essay

The objective of this experiment was to use qualitative analysis to determine the chemical characteristics of four known anions by systemic confirmatory testing. The chemical characteristics observed were to be used to identify an unknown sample. Sulphuric acid was to be added to a carbonate solution and an effervescent reaction would confirm the presence of carbonate anions. Another sample of carbonate solution was to be reacted with hydrochloric acid and the gaseous product was to be reacted with a suspended drop of barium carbonate. The presence of clouding in the droplet would also confirm the presence of carbonate anions. Silver nitrate was to be added to chloride solution and the formation of a white precipitate, silver chloride, would confirm the presence of chloride anions. Ammonium hydroxide would be added to dissolve part of the precipitate. The resultant supernatant solution was to be decanted and re-acidified with nitric acid to reform the precipitate and definitively confirm the presence of the chloride anion. Silver nitrate was to be added to iodide solution and the formation of a yellow precipitate, silver iodide, would confirm the presence of iodide anions. Another sample of iodide solution was to be reacted with drops of acetic acid until sufficiently acidic. Potassium nitrate was to be added to the solution causing a colour change. Methylene chloride was to be added to this sample and shaken to confirm the presence of iodide anions by forming two separate and differently coloured layers. A barium chloride-calcium chloride mixture was to be added to sulphate solution and heated to 90oC. The sample was to stand for a period of time to allow the formation of a  white precipitate, barium sulphate, confirming the presence of the sulphate anion. The addition of hydrochloric acid and subsequent heating were to have no effect on the presence, further confirming the presence of sulphate anions. MATERIALS AND METHODS EQUIPMENT CHEMICALS Test tubes Carbonate Solution, Test tube rack Concentrated Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Eye dropper 6M Hydrochloric acid, HCL Graduated pipette Barium hydroxide solution Ba(OH)2 Pipette bulb Chloride solution, Cl- Pasteur pipette Iodide solution, I- Beaker 0.1M Silver nitrate, AgNO3 Thermometer Concentrated Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH 6M Nitric acid, HNO3 6M Acetic acid. HC2H3O ­2 Potassium nitrate, KNO2 Methylene chloride solution, CH2Cl2 Sulphate solution, Barium chloride-Calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2 Unknown Sample 7 SAFETY Carbonate solution is hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), inhalation (lung irritant), and ingestion. It should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated area. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Hydrochloric acid is very hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (corrosive, irritant), of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract irritant), and ingestion (toxic). It should be kept in a dry container, kept away from oxidizing agents, organic materials, metals, alkalis, and moisture. In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material. Residue should be neutralized with dilute sodium carbonate. Chloride solution is hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), ingestion, and inhalation (irritant). In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material and spread water on the contaminated surface. Iodide solution is lightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. And spread water on the contaminated surface. Silver nitrate is very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation, and ingestion.. Silver nitrate kept away from heat, sources of ignition, and combustible material. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Ammonium hydroxide is very hazardous in case of skin contact (toxic, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (irritant), inhalation (toxic to upper respiratory tract), and ingestion (toxic). Water should never be added to ammonium hydroxide and it should be kept a way from incompatibles such as metals, acids. In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with inert dry material. Neutralize residue with dilute acetic acid. Nitric acid is very hazardous in  case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), and ingestion. It is slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract and mucus membrane irritant). Nitric acid is explosive in the presence of reducing materials, of organic materials, of metals, of alkalis. In case of spill, dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Acetic acid is very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. It is hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). It should be kept away from sources of heat, ignition, and oxidizing material. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Potassium nitrite is extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Potassium nitrite should be kept dry, away from sources of ignition, heat, and combustible materials. Methylene chloride is very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation, and skin contact (irritant, permeator). In case of spill dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material. Sulphate solution is hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), skin contact (irritant), and ingestion. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water, and cover area with an emollient. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry material spread water on the contaminated surface. (ScienceLab, 2005) PROCEDURE Please refer to Lab 3: Qualitative Analysis Part 2- Anions chemistry Laboratory Manual 2013-2014, Durham College, pages 11-12 for full list of Materials and Methods. OBSERVATIONS Table 1a: Testing for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions 2 drops concentrated H2SO4 added, Test tube shaken Additional Observations Carbonate Solution, 3mL effervescence seen as colourless gas rises from bottom of test tube test tube feels much warmer, upon wafting the gas has a mildly unpleasant, acrid smell The presence of an effervescent reaction indicated that the sample had carbonate anions present. Table 1b: Testing for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 ­ to confirm the presence of CO32- anions 2 drops 6M HCl 1 drop BaOH suspended over test tube Carbonate Solution, 3mL small amount of effervescence noted about 5 seconds after being suspended over test tube, the base of the droplet clouded with white precipitate The addition of HCl to the sample resulted in some rising gas bubbles, indicated that a gas was being formed. The clouding of the barium hydroxide droplet indicated it was reacting with carbon dioxide escaping the tube and thus confirmed the presence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 2: Testing and confirming for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 added NH4OH is added drop-wise Supernatant solution is decanted, 6M HNO3 is added Chloride Solution, 5mL cloudy white precipitate formed precipitate partially dissolved upon addition, distinct clear supernatant formed above remaining precipitate cloudy white precipitate reformed, small white granulations settled at bottom of test tube 6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH ­4OH, were added to the sample 6 drops of the nitric, HNO3, were added to acidify the sample The formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample had chloride anions present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample resulted in the reformation of a cloudy whit precipitate, thus confirming the presence of chloride anions. Table 3a: Testing for the presence of Iodide, I- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 added Iodide Solution, 5mL cloudy pale yellow precipitate formed The presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 3b: Testing and confirming the presence of Iodide, I ­- anions Acetic acid is added drop-wise 2 drops KNO2 added 15 drops Methylene chloride added, test tube shaken Iodide Solution, 5mL Blue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-brown colour 2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish magenta, and the top layer was a burnt-orange colour 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-brown colour. The addition of the methylene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present. Table 4: Testing and confirming the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions 0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture added Test tube heated, stood for 10 minutes 5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heated Sulphate Solution, 3mL very faint wisps of cloudy white precipitate appeared noticeable cloudy white precipitate distributed throughout solution addition of HCl made test tube feel warm after heating test tube precipitate remained dispersed in solution In each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a boiling water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The reaction of the sulphate solution with the barium chloride-calcium  chloride solution, when heated, resulted in the appearance of a fine white precipitate, indicating the sample had sulphate anions present. The subsequent addition of HCl and reheating resulting in the solution remaining relatively the same further confirmed that sulphate anions were present. Table 5a: Testing for Unknown Sample 7 for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions 2 drops concentrated H2SO4 added, Test tube shaken Additional Observations Unknown Sample 7, 3mL no visible effervescence no noticeable change to test tube’s temperature The lack of effervescence and heat produced by the sample indicated the absence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 5b: Testing Unknown Sample for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 ­ to confirm the presence of CO32- anions 2 drops 6M HCl 1 drop BaOH suspended over test tube Unknown Sample 7, 3mL no noticeable effervescence suspended droplet remained clear, despite being held over test tube for 15 seconds The sample did not react with the hydrochloric acid to produce a gas that reacted with the barium hydroxide, thus the suspended droplet remained clear. The results further confirmed the absence of carbonate anions. Table 6: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 added NH4OH is added drop-wise Supernatant solution is decanted, 6M HNO3 is added Unknown Sample 7, 5mL pale yellow precipitate formed no change to solution no change to solution 6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH ­4OH, were added to the sample Nitric acid, HNO3, was unable to be added to the precipitate as no clear supernatant was formed The lack of formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample did not have chloride anions present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample were rendered purposeless. Table 7a: Testing Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 added Unknown Sample 7, 5mL cloudy pale yellow precipitate formed The presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 7b: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I ­- anions Acetic acid is added drop-wise 2 drops KNO2 added 15 drops Methylene chloride added, test tube shaken Unknown Sample, 5mL Blue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-orange colour  2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish-purple, and the top layer was an orange-brown 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-orange colour. The addition of the methylene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present. Table 8: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions 0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture added Test tube heated, stood for 10 minutes 5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heated Unknown Sample, 3mL no precipitate formed no noticeable precipitate formed no change to solution In each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a boiling water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The lack of precipitate formation in the test indicated that the sample was absent of sulphate anions. This result was further confirmed by the subsequent addition of hydrochloric acid and reheating failing to produce a precipitate. DISCUSSION: A strong acid such as H2SO4, sulphuric acid, combined with carbonate produces an effervescent reaction due to the formation of carbon dioxide. The heat felt from the test tube was a result of the exothermic reaction that the carbonate solution underwent in the presence of a strong acid. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, but only for the first H, so it dissociates into H+ ion and the bisulfate ion, HSO4-. HSO4- is a weak acid and does not dissociate to a great extent, but it also reacts with carbonate (Dartmouth College, 2003). The presence of sulphur may have accounted for the mildly unpleasant scent wafted during the experiment. As indicated by the results of Table 1b, the formation of CO2 acted as a positive indicator for the presence of CO32- in a solution, as expressed by: 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g). The exposure of the produced gas, carbon dioxide, to barium hydroxide resulted in the a cloudy white precipitate due to the formation of barium carbonate as expressed by: H2O (l) + CO2 (aq) + Ba2+ ­Ã‚ ­(aq) → BaCO2 (s) + 2 H+(aq). The addition of 01M AgNO3, silver nitrate, to the chloride solution resulted in the formation of a white precipitate due to the formation of silver chloride as expressed by: AgNO3 (aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) + NO3 (g). It is interesting to note that chlorides are generally soluble, with the exception of lead(II) and silver chloride. When concentrated NH4OH was added to the silver chloride precipitate dissolved due to the formation of an ammine complex, [Ag(NH3)2]+. Silver nitrate is generally acidified with dilute nitric acid to prevent the precipitation of other non-halide silver salts (Brown, 2012). Nitric acid acidified the solution due to the addition of H+ ions to the solution, resulting in re-precipitation, thus definitively indicating the presence of chloride anions. This is expressed as AgCl(s) +  2NH3(aq) → Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → AgCl(s) + 2NH4+(aq) The addition of 0.1M AgNO3 to the iodide solution resulted in the formation of a cloudy yellow precipitate as expressed by: AgNO3(aq) + I- → AgI(s), which as a precipitate is insoluble in concentrated ammonia. The addition of 6M acetic acid, HC2H3O2, acidified the solution, as confirmed by the litmus test. The newly acidic solution reacted with potassium nitrite, KNO2, reducing the nitrite to nitrogen dioxide as expressed by: I-(aq) + KNO2 → KI(aq) + NO2(g). The liberation of iodine in the reaction resulted in a brownish change in colouration of the solution (SUNY Chemisty, 2005). The failure of the sample to turn a reddish-brown may have been a source of error due to a failure to sufficiently rinse the cleaned test tube with DI water. Methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, which is a non-polar organic compound was added to the solution reacted with the iodide in the solution to form a violet coloured layer of denser solution, which settled at the bottom of the test tube. An alternative means of testing for the presence of iodide anions would have been to use starch, which forma a characteristic blue-black complex. The addition of the barium chloride-calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2, to the sulfate solution resulted in the formation of an insoluble white sulphate, barium sulphate as expressed by: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s). Other insoluble barium salts contain anions of weak acids (CO32-, SO32-and PO43-). Precipitation of these anions is generally prevented by acidifying the solution (Yoder, 2014). The products of the reaction were made more prominent by the catalyzing the reaction with heat, resulting in a more noticeably fine white precipitate distributed throughout the solution. The addition of 6M HCl, hydrochloric acid, served to acidify the solution, further illustrating the insolubility of the barium sulfate precipitate, thereby confirming the presence of sulphate anions. The unknown sample was placed through all confirmatory tests. It failed to react with Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to produce an effervescent reaction, indicating it was carbonate absent. Unknown Sample 7 did not react with the BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture to form a precipitate regardless of heat, indicating the absence of sulphate anions. Unknown Sample 7 formed a pale cloudy yellow precipitate upon the addition of silver nitrate, immediately indicating the presence of iodide anions, disqualifying the need to test  further for chloride. The addition of acetic acid to Unknown Sample 7 provide a sufficient acidic environment for the potassium nitrate to release iodine, thus the solution appeared as a dark mustard orange. The methylene chloride confirmed the presence of iodide anion when a distinct reddish-purple layer settled at the bottom of another distinctly coloured layer of solution. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the experiment, Unknown Sample 7 demonstrated the formation of a precipitate in the presence silver nitrate, a change in colouration when mixed with potassium nitrate, and the formation of 2 distinctly coloured layers when methylene chloride was added to the solution and shaken. In accordance with the chemical properties exhibited by the 4 known anions during the qualitative testing, it can be concluded the Unknown Sample 4 clearly demonstrated the characteristic chemical responses of a solution with I- ions present. QUESTIONS 1. An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron to form a charged particle. 2. An anion is a negatively charged particle due to the atom gaining one or more electrons. A cation is a positively charged particle due to the atom losing one or more electrons. 3. H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 4a. Aluminum ion: Group IIIA, Al3+ 4b. Sulphur ion: Group VIA, S2- 4c. Iodide ion: Group VIIA, I- 4d. Oxygen ion: Group VIA, O2- 4e. Chloride ion: Group VIIA, Cl- REFERENCES Birk, J. P. (2001, December 4). General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis. Retrieved from Arizona State University: http://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qual.html Brown, W. (2012). Chemical Tests. Retrieved from Doc Brown’s Chemistry: http://www.docbrown.info/page13/ChemicalTests/ChemicalTestsa.htm Dartmouth College. (2003, May). ChemLab Chapter 5. Retrieved from Qualitative Analysis of Cations: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/chem3-5/qual_an/overview/procedure.html ScienceLab. (2005, October 10). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) List. Retrieved from Science Lab: http://www.sciencelab.com/msdsList.php SUNY Chemisty. (2005, December). Anion Analysis. Retrieved from Chemistry 112: http://employees.oneonta.edu/kotzjc/LAB/Anion.pdf Tro, N. J. (2011). Essential Introductory Chemistry (4th ed.). Toronto: Prentice Hall. White, R. (2013-2014). Qualitative Analysis Part 2- Anions. Chemistry 1 Laboratory Manual, 7-9. 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