Moral Intelligence Development Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Moral Intelligence Development Paper - Essay Example Some might argue that we already have an idea of our strengths and weaknesses, identifying our core values, yet we sometimes insist on believing in what we think is right or wrong. To help us identify these uncertainties, Lennick and Kiel created a Moral Competency Inventory (MCI). This is a worksheet with a set of values that will help us identify our strengths and point out our weaknesses to measure our moral competency alignment to give us a better understanding how we behave everyday and reexamine the values that needs improvement. In considering the Moral Competency Inventory in the context of my own there are a number of notable findings. The results indicate my strength is â€Å"admitting mistakes and failures.† This shows that I have the quality of being responsible; this is an important part of a morally intelligent person. According to Lennick and Kiel, â€Å"only a person willing to take responsibility for her actions-and consequences of those actions- will be able to ensure that her actions conform to universal human principles.† I used to be an individual that took life for granted and just road wherever the boat took me. During my teenage years, I ended up in considerable trouble: disregarded the law, dropped school, served time in jail, etc. But when I turned to my early twenties, a wonderful thing happened to my life – my first child was born. Although it took me a year to realize the importance of responsibility, I was able to overcome a lot of obstacles to be where I am right now. I’m currently a full-time student, working, and a single father of a six year old boy. Admitting my mistakes and failures was one of the hardest decisions I made in my life, but it was also one of the most rewarding aspects of my life – maybe that’s why my strength from MCI is â€Å"admitting mistakes and failures.† I was not completely aware of my strengths, but I do believe that I’m capable of

What was the role of the noblemen in Owain Glyndwr's revolt Essay

What was the role of the noblemen in Owain Glyndwr's revolt - Essay Example In1277, Edward I invaded Wales and after a fierce battle defeated them. He immediately set out to safeguard his dominance by constructing a ring of strong impregnable castles all around his dominion. This area became the power seat of the English and was designed in such a way so as to subjugate and intimidate the Welsh people. After a century had passed England was ruled by Richard the II. The domination exercised by the English with their restrictive land and tax policies became too much of a burden for the people of Wales and they chafed under the English yoke. According to the myths and legends of the Welsh, it was proclaimed that a national leader and redeemer would emerge from among them and so they faithfully prayed for his coming. This man would be the chosen one to stand up and fight against the English domination and restore the long awaited independence of the Welsh once again. Fortunately for them, there emerged a leader in Owain Glyndwr from amongst the shambles and struggles of the country. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Welsh put their faith in the charismatic leadership of Glyndwr even though England was endowed with a strong and massive army. The Welsh were successful in defeating England and drove them out of their land. The Welsh enjoyed their independence which lasted for a very short while. Since the 19th century, there was a resurgence of nationalism in Wales and hence the exploits of Owain Glyndwr was praise worthy. Glyndwr on the other hand did not seem the right candidate to don the cloak of a freedom fighter. Glyndwr, enjoyed all the trappings of a wealthy and privileged life as one of the great and powerful lords in Wales. This was due to his parentage that dates back to the year 1354 when he was born into and upper – class family having descended on his father’s side from the princes of Powys and on his mother’s side he inherited the lands of Rhys ap

Therapeutic Benefits of Play Therapy Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Benefits of Play Therapy Essay Therapy and the therapeutic benefits Play and the therapeutic benefits Play is one of the tools that children use to learn about the world and how to interact with their surroundings. It shapes their perception and world view. It is an important part of a child’s development and learning. Through play children learn the concept of safety and its limitations. Play should be a trial and error process where the child learns from their own mistakes. Finally play is important for the development of a child’s social and behavioral skills. Play Therapy (PT). refers to structured and theoretically based approaches to child therapy. It helps a therapist develop a trusting relationship with a child in the safety of the child’s environment. Playing is used as a means of learning of the difficulties that the child faces and used as a therapeutic method to help them cope with their situation. (Lambert et al. , 2005) Freud (1909) considered play a means by which children can bring their unconscious thoughts to their consciousness. It was also considered an instrument that helps build a positive and trusting relationship with the therapist. Over the years of research and clinical studies the various therapeutic outcomes of PT have been assessed. Therapists as able to use PT as a tool to re create stressful situations. This helps release the distressing emotions that a child experiences as a result of the stressful event. When the stressful event is re created in the child’s play environment they are able to develop their own coping strategies to alleviate the distress they experience and in some cases resolve the initial issues that were associated with the event. (p. 240) Knell (1993) developed Cognitive Behavioral PT. CBPT is a combination of therapeutic PT and cognitive behavioral strategies. It helps the child develop coping strategies and an adaptive way of thinking. (p. 64) PT can have applications in other areas including school and the home environment. Regardless of the environment in which PT is applied it is vital that the child develops a trusting relationship with their therapist. It is also equally important for the therapist to believe and understand that the child can work through their own issues and come with their own coping mechanisms. It is important that the therapist does not intervene in the process of free play. It is in this free play that the child comes to release their stressful emotions. (Landreth, 2002) PT is the treatment of choice for children in most cases because through the therapeutic strategies PT helps a child develop self confidence and redefined sense of self worth. Children are able to create adaptive behavioral strategies to cope with their stress and learn how to communicate effectively with individuals in their immediate and extended surroundings. Through free play and a reenactment of the stressful event in a safe environment the child is able to conquer their fear and acquire skills that can effectively combat their negative and faulty thought patterns. PT also helps children release emotions and express themselves through the creative process and problem solving. (Taft, 1933) Effective PT requires that the therapist creates an environment that is accepting and non – judgmental. The child should feel safe and secure to recognize and reflect upon their thoughts and feelings. The stability that the counselor provides the child in PT sessions will help the child learn of their own ability to solve problems. Above all it is important that the counselors let the children progress through the session at their own individual pace, without redirecting their actions or rephrasing their conversations. These characteristics lead to healthy therapeutic outcomes and an overall reduction in their anxiety provoking situation and other distressing emotions. Landreth, 2002) Through the trusting relationship developed with the therapist the child is able to trust other individuals in their life as well as have more confidence on their own decisions. The clarity that children achieve from PT regarding their emotions and feelings together with the other advantages make PT the treatment of choice for children.

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release The Influence of Sesame Oil Addition on The Arbutin Release and Penetration in Carbomer Gel Base (Observation on Inhibition of Enzym Tyrosinase Activity) Tristiana Erawati, Widji Soeratri, Noorma Rosita, Wida Rukmanajati, Hanifa Rahma Abstract Hydrophilic arbutin as lightening agent with log P value -1.35, make it difficult to permeate through the skin and reach its site of action. Sesame oil addition (3, 5, and 7% w/w) was expected to increase the arbutin release and penetrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil addition on the arbutin release and penetrations in the Carbomer-940’s gel base. The release (flux) of arbutin, as initial process before penetration, formulation were studied using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. The penetration of arbutin was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. Inhibition percent of tyrosinase by arbutin was determined in vitro by observing the absorbance value of dopachrome (an intermediate product of melanin formation) as a reaction product between enzyme tyrosinase and L-tyrosine as a substrate using spectrophotometer. Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Keyword: Arbutin, Carbomer-940, Penetration, Release, Sesame oil, Tyrosinase-inhibition Introduction: Arbutin widely used in cosmetic as lightening agent to inhibited enzyme tyrosinase activity in basal membrane of the skin. Tyrosinase was known as enzyme that involved in melanin formation.1, 2 Because of the hydrophilic of arbutin with log P value 1.35 make it difficult to penetrate through the skin. To increase the penetration enhancer can be add in the formula. Sesame oil as an oily enhancer has total protein (25%) and globulin (67.3%) its can increased penetration trough polar pathway by enlarge aqueous channel. Sesame oil also can use as healing effect from sunburn.3 It was known Sesame oil effective concentration as enhancer up to 10%.4 The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil (3, 5, and 7% w/w) addition on the arbutin (3% w/w) penetrations in the Carbomer-940 gel base through the modified lipid membrane. It was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. However sesame oil is a viscous fluid can increase the viscosity of base so that it feared inhibits the release of arbutin and decrease penetration. In this study determined arbutin release from the base using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. Materials and Methods Preparation of the arbutin gel as Lightening product The arbutin in Carbomer-940 gel base formulas as lightening product was shown in table 1. In this research Carbomer-940 gel base contained tri ethanol ammine (TEA) as alkalizing agent, propylene-glycol as humectants, methyl-parabene and propyl-paraben as preservative, Na-EDTA as chelating agent, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as anti-oxidant and Tween-80 as surfactant. Arbutin 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base was used as control. Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F1, Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 5% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F2 and Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 7% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F3. The Characteristics determination of the arbutin gel The Characteristics determination of arbutin gel included: Determination of gel pH Determination of the spreading-ability Determination of gel spreading-ability was performed using a pair of glass plate (20 X 20 cm). The gel preparation (1 gram) was put in the middle of the first glass plate that given the scale. Then put the second glass plate on the first glass plate and measured the diameter of gel spreading. After that put ballast on the second glass plate then measured the diameter spreading-ability of the gel. The weight of ballast that put on the second plate was increased until spreading-ability of the gel was constant. Determination of arbutin release: Determination of arbutin release from the bases was done by the dissolution tester Hanson Research SR-6 with paddle stirrer. Each cell diffusion fill with arbutin gel (Â ± 2 grams), in 500mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0, temperature 37Â ºC, agitation 100 rpm. Samples (5mL) were taken at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 minutes, replace with 5mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0 to keep volume constant. The absorbance of arbutin in the sample measured by spectrophotometer. The arbutin release (flux) from the base obtained from the slope of the linear regression of the correlation curve between arbutin releases accumulations versus square root of time. The penetration evaluation arbutin gel (United Stated Pharmacopoeia, 2002) In vitro study for the penetration of the arbutin in Carbomer gel base was measured by the modification method of the penetration test USP XXV and British Pharmacopoeia, 2002 with diffusion apparatus ERWEKA DT 700. The in vitro study was evaluated as follows: The arbutin gel (around 3 grams) was put in the diffusion cell then covers with the Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate as modified lipid membrane. Then the preparation of arbutin gel in diffusion cell was put into the penetration chamber contain 500 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6.5 Â ± 0.05 at 37 Â ± 0.5Â ºC as diffusion medium, and then the paddle was stirred 100 rpm. The sample solution around 5 ml was collected at 360 minutes after it penetrated. Determination of enzyme tyrosinase activity L-tyrosine solution 0.5 ml added with 3.0 ml sample solution that collected from compartment receptor after 360 minutes penetrated through Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate. The mixture was oxygenized 5 minutes then added with 1.0 ml tyrosinase solution. After incubated for 10 minutes at 25Â ºC the mixture was inactivated with 0.5 ml TCA solution and then the absorption value measured at maximum wavelength of dophacrome.5 The evaluation of inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity The inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity was performed as inhibition percent, which found from calculation of absorption value per second enzymatic reaction with inhibitor, compared with absorption value per second enzymatic reaction without inhibitor, using the following equation6: Whereas: A = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum with inhibitor B = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum without inhibitor The data (inhibition %) were analyzed with ANOVA one way method (p. Results and Discussion The result of this study, in table 2 shows that the pH of all formulas around 6 it mean appropriate with skin pH. The spreading profile of arbutin gel preparation shows in Figure 1 and spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast shows in table 3. Spreading-capacity was formulas spreading-diameter at same ballast weight. The result of ANOVA one way test of spreading-capacity found the value of Fcalculation (13.741) > Ftable (4.07). Its can conclude there were significant deference minimal one pair of spreading-capacity formulas data. To know which spreading-capacity formulas was significant deference it’s tested by Honestly Significant Deference (HSD) tests. The result of HSD test in table 4, that can concluded the spreading-capacity of formula 1 did not deference with control but higher than formula 2 and 3. Spreading-ability was the slope of linier-regression between spreading-diameter (cm) and ballast weight (gram), its shows in table 5. The slope value from its formulas was tested by ANOVA one way method, it’s found that the value of Fcalculation (0.274) table (4.07). So that can conclude it’s was no significant deference between spreading-ability of all formulas. Table1. Formulas of lightening product Arbutin release (flux) was calculated from the linier regression of the correlation curve between square root of time versus arbutin release accumulation. Slope (flux) of linier regression showed in table 6. To make sure if there is any difference of arbutin flux between formulas was done by statistical testing using ANOVA one way. It is showed that Fcalculation (50,918) > Ftable (4.07). From HSD result know that flux formula 1 and 2 not statistically different, but if compare with control and formula 3 were decrease. This might be caused by interaction between arbutin, sesame oil, and Tween. Tween is anionic surfactant which is amphiphil, it have affinity towards polar or non polar substance, such as arbutin and sesame oil. This interaction makes arbutin more difficult to release from bases. Another factor that may influence was viscosity from formula 1 and 2 which is more viscous than control, it cause arbutin molecules difficult release from bases also. The increase of viscosity m ay inhibit the movement of molecules to release from bases.7 Flux value of formula 3 not statistically different with control but higher than formula 1 and 2. It might be caused by addition of sesame oil reduce amount of water from formula. Decrease amount of water caused increase of arbutin concentration on water phase. Substance release from bases is known as diffusion. Based on Fick’s law, diffusion is the process by which molecules moved from compartment with high concentration to low concentration. The arbutin effectiveness as lightening agent calculated as inhibition percent (%) of enzyme tyrosinase activity. The result of arbutin inhibition percent (%) with enhancer sesame oil in Carbomer gels shows in table 7. Table 2: The arbutin gel pH values Figure 1: The spreading profile of arbutin gel with various concentration of sesame oil. Each value represents the mean of 3 determinations. Tabel 3: Spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Table 4: HSD test result of spreading- capacity value of arbutin gels Tabel 5: Arbutin gels spreading-ability * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Tabel 6. Flux of arbutin release from gel bases Table 7: The arbutin effectivity (inhibition %) in carbomer gel formulas The result of ANOVA one way test of the arbutin effectiveness in carbomer gel formulas found the value of Fcalculation (23,582) > Ftable (4.07), and from the HSD test result was found inhibition percent of control Table 8: The HSD test result of arbutin effectivity (inhibisi %) in carbomer gel formulas Conclusion: Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Acknowledgement: This study was supported financially by Project Grant of Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya Indonesia. References: Takada, K. and Tanaka, Y., 2000. Depigmentation Agents. In: Elsner, P., Mailbach, H.I. (Eds.). Cosmeuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs Versus Cosmetics, New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc., p.512 Zulkarnain, I., 2003, Cosmetics Skin Lightening and The Problem in Periodic Dermatology and Venereology, Vol.15, No.1, April 2003, pp. 47-53. Alvarez, A., and Rodriguez, M., 2000. Lipid in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparation, Vol.51 Fasc 1-2. Sevilla: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevila. Dinda, S.C., and Ratna, Vijay. 2008. Enhancement of Skin Permeation of Ibuprofen from Ointments and Gels by Sesame Oil, Sunflower Oil, and Oleic Acid. Available: http://www.ijpsonline.com Avanti, C., 2003. Uji Spektrofotometrik Kinetika Hambatan Kojic Acid terhadap Aktivitas MushroomTyrosinase. Berkala Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin. Vol. 15 No. 1 Agustus 3 hal. 23-27 Luanratana, O., Gritsadapong, P., 2005. Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of The extracts from Thai Mulberry Twigs and The Whitening Cream. Journal ot the National Research Council of Thailand. Vol.37, No.2. 2005. Martin, A., et al, 1993. Physical Pharmacy, Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd Ed, Lea Febiger

Medicine as a Form of Social Control Essay -- Papers

Medicine as a Form of Social Control This critique will examine the view that medicine is a form of social control. There are many theorists that have different opinions on this view. This critique will discuss each one and their different views. We live in a society where there is a complex division of labour and where enormous varieties of specialist healing roles are recognised. We attribute to our modern healers a great deal of power, and trust that they will use it for our benefits rather than to harm us. Professional codes of ethics are promises that doctors will use their knowledge to benefit patients. The sociologist Talcott Parsons (1951) described what he considered the essential point of this contract. These rights, obligations and privileges are standards of behaviour, which Parsons felt people in American society believed desirable in the 1940s. The sociological term for such a standard of behaviour is a norm. People in modern Britain acts in a certain way that is seen as appropriate for ill people. In the 1950s, Parsons (1951) outlined the norms that govern illness behaviour and professional responses to it, in modern society. He also saw the patient - doctor relationship as a social system, governed by norms about appropriate behaviour. Also, Parsons (1951) claimed illness as disruptive, a kind of deviance and is therefore potentially disruptive to the social order. Parsons saw society as a functioning whole, and was concerned with how the social order was maintained, and how various institutions in society in the case health care institution function... ...power, which extend throughout the whole of society. He described what he called the clinical gaze as having moved beyond the hospital and the clinic into many and diverse sites such as our schools, workplaces, and homes. For Foucault (1973) the clinical gaze was a facet of a new kind of power, which relied on surveillance and inspection. In conclusion, this critique has critically examined the view that medicine is a form of social control. Discussing the views of theorists such as Talcott Parsons, Ivan Illich, Narvarro, Irving Zola and Foucault. These theorists have views about how dominating medicine can be in society, the power of the professionals and medicalisation how it refers social problems into medical problems. Throughout this critique, it has been made clear that medicine is a form of social control.

Ethnicity and Group Rights :: Sociology Race Gender Essays

Ethnicity and Group Rights ABSTRACT: Recent developments in biology have made it possible to acquire more and more precise information concerning our genetic makeup. There are four groups of people who may want to know about our genes. First, we ourselves can have an interest in being aware of own health status. Second, there are people who are genetically linked with us, and who can have an interest in the knowledge. Third, individuals with whom we have contracts and economic arrangements may have an interest in knowing about our genetic makeup. Fourth, society as a whole can have an interest in the composition of our genes. As regards the question of motivation, the term 'should' can be interpreted in three ways. Prudentially speaking, to say that individuals should act in a certain manner is to say that the actions in question promote the long-term self-interest of these individuals. From the viewpoint of morality, we should do what is right and avoid doing what is wrong. When it comes to legal thinking, it is held in most liberal societies that grave other-regarding harm should be the primary justification for the use of coercion and constraint. In the paper, all these aspects are examined in more detail. In multicultural Western societies more and more frequently members of ethnic minority groups behave and act in ways which the majority find 'different', 'strange' or 'alien', sometimes even 'irrational', 'threatening' or 'immoral'. Differences in action and behaviour range, for instance, from clothing and fashion accessories to the observance of religious holidays and the mutilation of the human body. The question that I propose to address in this paper is: How should the majority respond to these differences? Should the reaction be tolerant and permissive? Or should it be cautious and restrictive? Should the majority hold that individuals are entitled to act as they wish unless their actions inflict harm on other people? Or should they think that ethnic groups as collectives have rights which ought not to be violated by constraints on the behaviour of their members? The questions concerning the group rights of minorities have recently been discussed in considerable detail in the frameworks of communitarianism and deontological liberalism. However, the difficulty with these approaches is that they presuppose complicated and sometimes metaphysically and ideologically loaded accounts of liberty, personal identity and interpersonal relationships. I have therefore opted for a simpler and more accessible starting point.

Nt1330

Questions: 1. How many users will we be having? 2. How many different departments will we be having? 3. Which departments will need what permissions as far as access to computers, printers, and scanners? 4. Will everyone be at one site or will we have multiple buildings? 5. And what is our budget for designing the new AD DS infrastructure. 6. Should we buy physical servers for each location? 7. Should we create multiple domains for each department? My answers: I would say that the amount of users we have is about 200.And we will have plenty of room to expand in case we ever need to expand up to another 300 Users if we need to. And we will only have 5 departments (IT, H. R, Distribution, Maintenance, and Staff). As far as what departments permissions go we will have to sit with all department heads and come up with a valuable plan to benefit everyone. And since we are in a trucking distribution company named Spike’s Distro. We will only have one site for our infrastructure.The reason being is because we only have one building that everyone works out of. Our budget for creating this new infrastructure is going to be $35,000 to buy all the servers and switches needed including the computers to hold the active directory and domain servers. And we should buy physical servers as they are more efficient than virtual servers are. We should only create one domain per department. The only time we will need to create more is if we expand to more than one building. Nt1330 Questions: 1. How many users will we be having? 2. How many different departments will we be having? 3. Which departments will need what permissions as far as access to computers, printers, and scanners? 4. Will everyone be at one site or will we have multiple buildings? 5. And what is our budget for designing the new AD DS infrastructure. 6. Should we buy physical servers for each location? 7. Should we create multiple domains for each department? My answers: I would say that the amount of users we have is about 200.And we will have plenty of room to expand in case we ever need to expand up to another 300 Users if we need to. And we will only have 5 departments (IT, H. R, Distribution, Maintenance, and Staff). As far as what departments permissions go we will have to sit with all department heads and come up with a valuable plan to benefit everyone. And since we are in a trucking distribution company named Spike’s Distro. We will only have one site for our infrastructure.The reason being is because we only have one building that everyone works out of. Our budget for creating this new infrastructure is going to be $35,000 to buy all the servers and switches needed including the computers to hold the active directory and domain servers. And we should buy physical servers as they are more efficient than virtual servers are. We should only create one domain per department. The only time we will need to create more is if we expand to more than one building.